William Cardoza

Biography

Ph.D. in Economics and Development from the Sorbonne Nouvelle University - Paris III
Post doctorates at the KSG - Harvard University and the Sloan School of Management - MIT
Visiting Scholar at DRCLA - Harvard University and Sloan School of Management - MIT

Guillermo Cardoza is a full-time professor (Full Professor) of Innovation and Change Management at INCAE Business School since 2013. He studied Master's degrees in Economics and Development, International Relations and Business Management at the University of La Sorbonne (Paris I and Paris III) and he has a degree in chemical engineering from the National University of Colombia. Professor Cardoza has been a research fellow at the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in innovation and competitiveness (1996-2000) and a post-doctoral student at the Sloan School of Management - MIT in System Dynamics. Likewise, he was a Visiting Scholar at DRCLA - Harvard University and the Sloan School of Management - MIT (2019).

Professor Cardoza has developed his career in teaching, research, academic institution management, and business consulting in the United States, Europe, and Latin America. Author of books and numerous academic publications. Dr. Cardoza has advised several governments in the Region (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and several Caribbean countries) and has worked as a teacher and consultant for various international organizations and multinational companies such as the IDB, UNESCO, Adidas, E&Y, Pfizer, P&G, Roche Pharma, Abbot, Grupo Santander, 3M, Nestlé, Cargill, Telefónica, Banesto, La Caixa, BUPA-Sanitas and Walmart.

During his tenure as Executive Director of the Latin American Academy of Sciences - ACAL (1987-1996), Professor Cardoza created and directed the Center for Science Studies. At IE Business School - Madrid, where he was linked as professor and director for thirteen years (2000-2012), he created the Euro-Latin American Center, responsible for the internationalization of the school in Latin America and for research on the internationalization of companies in emerging markets .

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Rank:

Full Professor

Country of origin:

Spain

Country of Residence:

Costa Rica

E-mail:

guillermo.cardoza@incae.edu

Degrees

Doctor in Economics and Development, Université de la Sorbonne, Paris.
Postdocs at KSG- Harvard University and Sloan School of Management -MIT, Boston.
Masters in Economics and Development, International Relations and Business Management at the University of La Sorbonne (Paris I and Paris III), Paris.
Chemical Engineering, National University of Colombia, Bogotá.

Teaching areas

Organizational Change and Development
Competitiveness
International Business
Technology and Innovation

Courses

Innovation
Change management
Design Thinking
Creativity

Programs

Executive Programs

Publications

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Dalmau, G. (2022). DAYPA: A story of commitment to sustainable development.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ilie, C. (Camellia) (2021). Entrepreneurship and Gender: Policies for Closing the Gap in the Covid Era.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2021). Introduction to Design Thinking.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2021). Design Thinking: Affinity diagram and tasks.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2021). Design Thinking: Empathy Map and Buyer Persona.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2021). Design Thinking: Customer Journey Map.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Mondragón, JC (2020). Development of Business Schools in Emerging Markets: Learning through Adoption and Adaptation.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2020). The Challenges of Information and Communication in the Age of the Pandemic: The Design Thinking Approach.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Casó, R.; Fernández, A. (2020). Well-Being in the Workplace in Latin America.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Symmes, F. (2020). Scaling Strategies for Social Entrepreneurs: A Market Approach.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Monfort, A.; Kwong, C. (2019). Ethics, Responsibility, and Sustainability in MBAs. Understanding the Motivations for the Incorporation of ERS in Less Traditional Markets.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Koo, C.K.T.; Fornes, GE; Monfort, A.; Altamira, M. (2019). Female Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies: What do We Need to Know?.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2019). Entrepreneurship & Gender in Latin America. Research Project, Rockefeller Center for Latin America, Harvard University. Cambridge.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2019). Women Social Progress. Research Project, Rockefeller Center for Latin America, Harvard University. Cambridge.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Monfort, A.; Kwong, C. (2019). Decoding Female Entrepreneurship in Latin America.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Casó, R.; Fernández, A. (2019). Impact of Wellbeing on Business Management: An Exploratory Study in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2018). Internationalization of Chinese SMEs: The Perception of Disadvantages of Foreignness.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2018). Entrepreneurship and Gender in Latin America: A Comparative Study.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Garcia, J.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2018). Women's Social Progress in Latin America: Towards the Construction of Equal Societies.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2018). Thinking Styles, Gender and Decision Making in Latin American management: A Comparative Study with the USA.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2017). Unpacking the Liability of Foreignness Box. The Case of Chinese SMEs.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Farber, V.; González, R.; Ruiz, J. (2017). Barriers and public policies affecting the international expansion of Latin American SMEs: Evidence from Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fernández, A.; Tejada, H. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Gender in Latin America.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Beechler, S.; Hugas, J. (2017). Designing Leadership Development Programs for High Impact in Emerging Economies: The Case of Spanish Multinationals in Latin America.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fernández, A.; Tejada, H. (2017). Entrepreneurship and Gender in Latin America - 2017.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); García, J.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2017). The Social Progress of Women in Latin America: Towards Building Equitable Societies - 2017.

Bucher, S. (Silke); Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2016). FUNDES: Becoming a Strategically Mindful Nonprofit.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Farber, V.; González, R.; Ruiz, J. (2015). Barriers and public policies affecting the international expansion of Latin American SMEs.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Li, P.; Xu, N.; Xu, S. (2015). China Goes Global: Public Policies' Influence on Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises' International Expansion.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Umaña-Timms, L. (2015). Teachers as Mentors: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Experience-based Learning at the Base of the Pyramid (An Exploratory Essay).

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Hugas, J. (2015). Corporate Universities: New Challenges, New Opportunities.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Hugas, J. (2014). Corporate Universities: New Challenges, New Opportunities.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Chaverri, M. (2014). FUNDES (B): Creating Shared Value.

Caverri, M.; Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2014). Centrolac D: Securing Access to Raw Materials by Producers at the Base of the Pyrami.

Caverri, M.; Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2014). Centrolac B: Securing Access to Raw Materials by Producers at the Base of the Pyramid.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Hugas, J. (2014). Designing Leadership Development Programs (LDPs) for High Impact: Towards an Integrated Approach.

Caverri, M.; Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2014). Centrolac: Securing of Social Progress of Producers at the Base of the Pyramid.

Caverri, M.; Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2014). Centrolac C: Securing Access to Raw Materials by Producers at the Base of the Pyramid.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Hugas, J. (2014). Designing Leadership Development Programs for High Impact: Towards a Comprehensive Approach.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Umaña-Timms, L. (2014). Teachers as Mentors: Experience-Based Learning at the Base of the Pyramid.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Xu, N. (2013). Institutional Factors of SMEs' Internationalization in Transition Economies.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2013). Live the Difference! Neurosciences and Female Leadership.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Xu, N.; Li, P.; Xu, S. (2013). The influence of Public Policies on Chinese SMEs International Expansion.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2013). The International Expansion of China's Small- and Medium-Sized Business: Status Today and Future Outlook.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2012). Leadership Development. Challenges for Chinese and Latin American Multinationals.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Beechler, S.; Fornes, G.; Hugas, J.; Yorks, L. (2012). Leadership for Global Growth in Developed and Emerging Economies: A Similar Story?.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Fu, X. (2012). National and International Expansion of Chinese SMEs: A Different Story?.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Rodríguez, E. (2012). ALTEC - Regional Shared Services Unit for Latin America of the Santander Group.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2012). Digital Technology and the Photography Market: A Case of Creative Destruction.

Fornes, G.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2012). The Anglo American Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility: An Evolutionary Process (ABC).

Fornes, G.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Xu, S. (2012). The national and international expansion of Chinese SMEs: evidence from Anhui Province.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2012). Anglo American's approach to Corporate Social Responsibility: An evolutionary process (ABC).

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2012). Xerox PARC: Invention without Commercial Vision? – Open Innovation Model.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Xu, N. (2012). Institutional Determinants of Chinese SMEs' Internationalization: The Case of Jiangsu Province.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2011). The internationalization of SMEs from China: The case of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornés, G. (2011). International Co-Operation of Ibero-American Countries in Business Administration and Economics Research: Presence in High-Impact Journals.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Xu, S. (2010). Factors Hindering/Promoting the International Expansion of SMEs from China. Evidence from Anhui Province.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2010). Anglo American Approach to Corporate Social Responsibility: An Evolutionary Process (Case Studies A, B, and C, and Teaching Note).

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2009). Development of International Research Networks in Emerging Countries.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G.; Xu, N. (2009). The Internationalization of Emerging Markets-based SMEs: Evidence from China's Jiangsu Province.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Curci, R. (2009). Spanish Foreign Direct Investments in Latin America: Internationalization Strategies and Financial Management Practices.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2009). A Study of Spanish Companies' Hedging Strategies in Latin America.

Fornes, G.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2009). Foreign exchange exposure in emerging markets: A study of Spanish companies in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ibarreche, S.; Alcerreca, C.; Vassolo, R.; Ruiz-Gutierrez, J.; García, F.; Berrone, P. (2008). Research in Iberoamerica: Differences and Similarities between Regions: Iberoamerican Research.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Brunstein, L. (2008). Country Risk Assessment and Economic Stability for the Business Manager in a Global Economy: Towards a Conceptual and Systemic Framework.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2008). Globalization and Spain's SMEs, Small Firms, Global Markets: Competitive Challenges in the New Economy.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Brunstein, L. (2007). Risk, Instability and Lack of Regulation in Credit Markets: A Systemic Approach for Business Managers in Emerging Economies.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2007). Barriers to National and International Expansion of SMEs in China: The Case of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ibarreche, S.; Franco-Santos, M.; Fornes, G.; Larraza-Kintana, M. (2007). Writing Research Grant Proposals in Iberoamerica.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2007). Financial Strategies in the Expansion of Spanish Companies into Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2007). Globalization and Spain's SMEs.

Pires, S.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2007). A study of new supply chain management practices in the Brazilian and Spanish auto industries.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Pires, S. (2007). A Study of New Supply Chain Management Practices in the Brazilian and Spanish Auto Industries.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2006). Anglo-Americans Corporate Responsibility Initiatives: The SEAT Methodology.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Díaz, J.; Ángel, A. (2006). Institutional Determinants of the Argentinean Crisis: A Systemic Approach.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fornes, G. (2005). Spanish Companies in Latin America: A Winding Road.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2005). Institutional Fragility and Instability in Emerging Economies: The case of Argentina.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Díaz, J.; Ángel, A. (2005). Doing Business in Emerging Markets: Lessons from the Argentinean Crisis.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Jacopin, T. (2005). Renault in Brazil.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2005). International Competitiveness in Emerging Economies: A Comparative Study of East Asia, Mexico and South America.

Oliveira, L.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2005). Contém 1g Cosmetics: A Case of Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

Álvarez, J.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Díaz, R. (2005). Sol Meliá internationalization strategy in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2004). Odebrecht - Engineering & Construction (Odebrecht - Engineering and Construction - OIC): Strategy Adopted.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2004). Odebrecht - Engineering & Construction (Odebrecht - Engineering and Construction - OIC): Challenges for the New Millennium.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ganitsky, J.; Birambeux, I.; Díaz, F. (2004). Internationalization of Companies in Latin America: Balance, Lessons and Perspective.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Flores, J.; Villa, J. (2004). Business Development and Competitiveness in Mexico: Factors that Inhibit the Adoption of a Virtuous Cycle of Innovation and Growth.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Guimarães, L. (2004). Contém 1G Cosmetics: A Case of Entrepreneurship and Innovation.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Guimarães, L. (2004). Contém 1G: Innovation as a Key Point.

Castroman, A.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2004). In the Land of the Giants.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2003). Lean Manufacturing (LM).

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Jacopin, T. (2003). Renault in Brazil.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2003). Learning and Innovation (L&I): The Key Points to a Company Being Competitive.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Álvarez, J.; Díaz, R. (2003). Sol Meliá: Internationalization of the Group.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); González, R. (2002). Cultural Problems in an International Acquisition Process: The Autopec Case (*).

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Álvarez, J.; Díaz, R. (2002). Brand Strategy at Sol Melia.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2001). Higher Education and Research and Development (R&D) in East Asia and Latin America: Different Perspectives?.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ganitsky, J. (2000). Commitment to Development: The Imperative of Spanish Corporations in Latin America (CEAL).

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2000). Executive training priorities in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1999). Learning and Innovation Paths in East Asia.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1999). Regional System for Caribbean Innovation.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1999). Caribbean Regional Innovation System.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1999). Higher Education, Research and Technological Development: Latin America and Asia - A Comparative Analysis.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas, R. (1998). Scientific Migrations, Cooperation and Development Networks in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1997). Learning, Innovation and Growth: a Comparative Policy Approach to East Asia and Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Charum, J.; Meyer, J. (1997). Scientific Migrations, Cooperation and Development Networks in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas, R. (1997). Statement on Cooperation in Science and Technology in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas, R. (1996). Status of World Science: Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1996). Higher Education, Scientific Research and Sustainable Development in Latin America: A New Agenda.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas, R.; UNESCO-CRESALC (1995). Cooperation for the Scientific Development of Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas, R. (1994). The Situation of Science in Latin America.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (1994). Restructuring Économique et Insertion Internationale de l'Amérique Latine.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Silvio, J. (1992). The ACAL Network for Scientific Cooperation and Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Ospina, G. (1991). Scientific and Technological Research at Universities, Research Centers and Centers for Advanced Studies in Latin America: The role of Regional Integration, Challenges & Options.

Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Villegas; Faruqui, AM; Hassan, M. H. A. (1986). Evaluation of Scientific Development and South-South Cooperation in Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Investigation work

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Beechler, Schon (2023). Designing Results-Oriented Leadership Development Programs. United Kingdom:. United Kingdom: The European Business Review.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fernandez, Andrés; Tejada, Haydee (2023). Entrepreneurship and Gender in Latin America: A Comparative Study. USA. United States SSRN.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Fornes, Gaston.; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Mondragón, Juan Carlos (2023). Development of Business Schools in Emerging Markets: Learning through Adoption and Adaptation. Swiss. Switzerland MDPI.

Illie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Fernández, A. (Andres); Mondragon Quintana, Juan. (2023). Exploring boardroom composition and diversity in Latin-America. Amsterdam, Netherlands:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2023). MarieBelle case: luxury chocolate with social responsibility (31204) . Massachusetts:. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Symmes, Philip; Cardoza, G. (Guillermo) (2023). Scaling Strategies for Social Entrepreneurs: A Market Approach. United Kingdom. United Kingdom Palgrave Macmillan Cham.

Ilie, C. (Camellia); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Tejada, Haydée. (2023). Augusta House (31328) . Alajuela, Costa Rica:. Alajuela, Costa Rica: INCAE Business School.

Jäger, U. (Urs); Cardoza, G. (Guillermo); Rincan, Evelyn (2023). Sounds of the Earth (SdT): challenges of duplicating a social business model (31082) . Alajuela, Costa Rica:. Alajuela, Costa Rica: INCAE Business School.

Work experience

2019 visiting scholar, DRCLAS - Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

2019 visiting scholar, MIT-Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.

2013-Pres. Full Professor of Innovation and Change Management, INCAE Business School, Alajuela, Costa Rica.

1999-2012 Professor on Management of Innovation and Competitiveness in emerging economies, IE Business School, Madrid, Spain.

2000 Co-founder of SUMAQ, Ibero-American Business School Network, Madrid, Spain.

1999-2009 Founder and Director, Euro-Latin America Center, IE Business School, Madrid, Spain.

1999-2003 member, IE Business School's Direction Committee, Madrid, Spain.

1988-1996 Founded and conducted research on public policies at the ACAL - Center for Information and Science Studies, Caracas Venezuela.

1987-1996 Managing Director, Latin American Academy of Sciences (ACAL), Caracas Venezuela.

1996-1999 Research Fellow in Innovation, Competitiveness and Economic Development in Emerging Markets, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, BCSIA - Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Cambridge, MA.

1997-1998 Postdoctoral training in Systems Dynamics, MIT-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA.

1991-1996 Professor of International Economics and Technological Development, Master in International Economics, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas Venezuela.

1993-1996 Researcher on technological innovation and economic growth, Latin America Center for Information and Science Studies (CIEC-ACAL), Caracas Venezuela.

1988-1992 Management Consulting, Marino Recio and Associates.- Caracas Venezuela.

1985-1994 Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III and Paris I, Paris, France.

Ph.D. in Economics and Development. Dissertation: Economic restructuring in Latin America: towards a new role in the global economy.
Master in Latin American Studies (DEA)
Master in International Relations (DESUP)
Master in Management (DESS)

1981-1982 Process and Planning Engineer, 3M Colombia, Bogota Colombia. 1981 Laboratory Chief Engineer, IMA SA, Bogotá, Colombia.

1974-1981 Chemical Engineering, National University of Colombia, Bogota Colombia.

1988-pres. Advisor to governments of Latin America (Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and several Caribbean countries).

1990-pres. Training and consulting for International Organizations and Multinational Corporations: IDB-Interamerican Development Bank, UNESCO -United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Orcyt, Cresalc), TWAS - The Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), ICSU / COSTED - International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU), Committee on Science and Technology for Developing Countries (COSTED), Association of Caribbean States (ACS-AEC), Adidas, E&Y, IBM, Pfizer, P&G, Roche Pharma, Abbot, Grupo Santander, 3M, Nestlé , Cargill, Telefónica, Banesto, La Caixa, BUPA-Sanitas and Walmart.

1990-Pres. Researcher and Guest Lecturer at several universities and international organizations:

Harvard University (Cambridge, MA), MIT- Sloan School of Management (Cambridge, MA), Babson College (Waltham, MA), TWAS - Third World Academy of Sciences (Trieste), INASP (London), UNESCO (Paris), Association of Caribbean States (Port of Spain), Instituto Brasileiro de Informacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (Brasilia), Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (Brasilia), Institut des Hautes Etudes de l'Amérique Latine, Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris III, Maison de l '' Amérique Latine (Paris), Central University of Venezuela (Caracas), Metropolitan University (Caracas), North University (Barranquilla), Procter and Gamble (Caracas), National University of Colombia (Bogota), University of the Asunción (Asunción) , Universidad de los Andes (Bogota), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Minas Gerais (Belo Horizonte), SPAE-SPOL (Guayaquil).